The implications of a model of action

Last Updated on 03/09/2023 by James Barron

Abstract

Action research, despite lacking a universally accepted definition, boasts a variety of valuable definitions and models to guide its implementation (Koshy, Koshy, & Waterman, 2010). Among the notable models is the Spiral Model by Kemmis and McTaggart. This model, characterised by its stages, such as planning, acting, observing, reflecting, and re-planning, is renowned for its simplicity, flexibility, and logical flow. Yet, it is essential to understand its non-rigid nature and not to perceive it as a stringent structure (Koshy V., 2010). Another model, O’Leary’s Cycles of Research, emphasises experiential learning for change. Its unique feature is an initial focus on observation and data collection prior to planning, thus providing a more scientific and structured approach. However, the structured nature of O’Leary’s model can also be seen as a limitation (Stringer & Genat, 2004). Regardless of the model chosen, it’s imperative for action researchers to select or adapt models to align with their specific objectives (Koshy, 2010).

“There is no universally accepted definition for action research, many useful ones do exist” (Koshy, Koshy, & Waterman, 2010, p. 8) along with a selection of models available to assist in structuring an action research project.

The Spiral Model

The Spiral Model from Stephen Kemmis and Robin McTaggart is an example of an action research model, the key stages of the Spiral model are:

• Planning a change
• Acting and observing the process and consequences of the change
• Reflecting on these processes and consequences
• Re-planning
• Acting and observing again
• Reflecting again

(Kemmis & McTaggart, 2007, p. 271)

The two main benefits of the Spiral model are that it is simple, logical and very flexible. “The authors advise us against using this as a rigid structure. They maintain that in reality the process may not be as neat as the spiral suggests.” (Koshy V. , 2010, p. 4)

O’Leary’s Cycles of Research

Another model that can used for action research is O’Leary’s Cycles of Research, “O’Leary sees action research as an experiential learning approach, to change, where the goal is to continually refine the methods, data, and interpretation in light of the understanding developed in each earlier cycle.” (Koshy, Koshy, & Waterman, 2010, p. 6) The primary difference between O’Leary’s Cycles of Research and other methods is that the research focuses and becomes more specific the further down the cycle and the more iterations are completed.The cycles of the O’Leary’s Cycles Of Research “converge towards better situation understanding and improved action implementation; and are based in evaluative practice that alters between action and critical reflection” (Stringer & Genat, 2004, p. 140) Although the stages are similar to other methods, such as the spiral model, they occur in a different order. O’Leary’s Cycles of Research has an initial stage of observation and data collection, this transpires before any planning occurs, this approach is more scientific as this stage allows collection of control data which will be beneficial during analysis. The drawback of this method is its more structured nature with clearly defined stages that focus as cycles occur.

While these models provide excellent structure to an action research project, “an action researcher should adopt the models which suit his or her purpose most or adapt them to fit that purpose.” (Koshy, 2010, p. 5)

Bibliography

Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (2007). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.

Koshy, E., Koshy, V., & Waterman, H. (2010). Action Research In Healthcare. London: SAGE Publishing.

Koshy, V. (2010). Action Research for Improving Educational Practice: A Step-By-Step Guide. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Stringer, E., & Genat, W. (2004). Action Research in Health. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice-Hall.

Further Reading

The Action Research Dissertation: A Guide for Students and Faculty by Kathryn Herr and Gary L. Anderson.

This book provides insights into using action research for academic research purposes, particularly in a dissertation.

Action Research: Principles and Practice by Jean McNiff.

McNiff offers a detailed overview of the principles behind action research and how to conduct it effectively.

Doing Action Research in Your Own Organization by David Coghlan and Teresa Brannick.

The book dives deep into how to carry out action research in a professional organisation setting, discussing both its challenges and rewards.

ARAL – Action Research and Action Learning for Community and Organisational Change

This website is packed with resources, publications, and insights on both action research and action learning, particularly with a focus on community and organisational transformation.

Website URL: http://www.aral.com.au/

Action Research Network

A global network aimed at connecting those involved in action research, this site offers a wealth of publications, examples, and links to further explore the world of action research.

Website URL: http://www.actionresearch.net/

Educational Action Research Journal

This journal, published by Taylor & Francis, focuses on action research in educational settings. It provides a platform for scholars and practitioners in the field of education to share and discuss their findings. The website features articles, research notes, and book reviews, offering both theoretical discussions and practical case studies on action research in educational contexts.

Website URL: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/reac20/current

FAQs

What are the 7 steps in the action research model?

The action research model involves a cyclic process aimed at continuous improvement through reflection and action. The seven steps are:

1. Identifying a problem or area of focus.
2. Conducting preliminary research to understand the context and existing knowledge.
3. Formulating an action plan based on this research.
4. Implementing the action plan in the real-world setting.
5. Collecting and analysing data to assess the impact of the action.
6. Reflecting on the results to draw conclusions and insights.
7. Planning the next cycle of action research, iterating on the learnings from the previous steps.

How do the outcomes of action research differ from traditional research methods in terms of real-world applicability and impact?

Action research is inherently participatory and is designed for immediate application, addressing specific problems within a given community or organisation. Unlike traditional research methods, which often aim for generalisability and theoretical contributions, action research focuses on practical solutions and creating tangible, positive change in a specific context. As a result, the outcomes of action research often have direct real-world impact and applicability, emphasising change and improvement in the studied setting.

What challenges might researchers face when adapting established models like the Spiral Model or O’Leary’s Cycles of Research to unique contexts or situations?

When adapting established models to unique contexts, researchers might struggle with fitting standardised stages to complex, context-specific issues, potentially leading to oversimplification or misinterpretation. They might also encounter resistance from stakeholders who are unfamiliar or uncomfortable with the chosen model, impacting collaboration and data collection. Additionally, maintaining the integrity of the model while ensuring its flexibility for adaptation can be a delicate balance, risking either dilution of its effectiveness or lack of fit to the new context.

How do researchers ensure the ethical considerations and participants’ rights are maintained during the action research process, especially when changes are implemented in real-world settings?

Researchers ensure ethical considerations by obtaining informed consent from participants, clearly communicating the purpose, methods, and potential risks of the research. They maintain confidentiality and anonymity, allowing participants to withdraw from the study at any point without repercussions. Additionally, researchers continuously engage in reflective practices, seeking feedback from stakeholders and adjusting the research process to address any emerging ethical concerns in real-world settings.

Are there any potential biases or pitfalls inherent to the action research methodology, and if so, how can they be minimised or addressed?

Action research can be susceptible to biases given its participatory nature and close involvement of the researcher in the setting, potentially leading to subjective interpretations. Additionally, the desire for positive change might skew results towards favourable outcomes. To minimise these biases, researchers can employ triangulation by using multiple data sources, methods, or investigators, engage in critical self-reflection, and seek peer reviews or external validations to ensure objectivity and credibility of findings.

What are other action research methods?

Lewin’s Action Research Model

Proposed by Kurt Lewin, this model emphasises a cyclic process of planning, action, and fact-finding about the result of the action.

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

This approach actively involves the community or participants in the research process, ensuring that the research addresses their needs and priorities.

Appreciative Inquiry (AI)

Instead of focusing on problems or deficits, AI focuses on strengths, successes, and potentials. It’s a model that emphasises positive change and seeks to understand and enhance the aspects that work well in an organisation or community.

Collaborative Inquiry

This model emphasises collaboration between researchers and participants throughout the research process. It’s a democratic approach where all participants, including the researchers, are learners.

Critical Action Research

This approach emphasises the role of research in challenging and changing societal structures and norms. It’s particularly focused on issues related to power, inequality, and justice.

Living Theory Approach

This is a personal and self-reflective form of action research where researchers study their own practices and experiences to generate new theories and understandings.